Recall that Coppola had worked with James Caan on an earlier, rather minor movie called "Rain People," which also had Robert Duvall in it.
Thus, Coppola himself was sort of looking for the "protection" that casting "friendly actors" gives you. Caan and Duvall were guys Coppola could count on if the studio came after him(and they did, suggesting they might fire him -- ironically it was Brando who backed Coppola up.)
In the book, Sonny was presented as big and brutal, and somewhat described like Sly Stallone -- who wouldn't be castable for a few more years. Brando vetoed Burt Reynolds for the part -- Reynolds was too much the "Brando lookalike" for his taste at the time.
Caan was also cast because he was short, and thus wouldn't tower over "brother" Pacino.
And: there is also screen test footage of Caan as MICHAEL, talking to the real Diane Keaton in a version of the opening wedding scene discussion. Caan made more sense for Sonny -- tough, angry, energetic.
And yet, for all of that, I think we can figure that Copolla cast Caan AND Duvall because they worked with him before, he liked and trusted them and each of them was close ENOUGH to the roles they would play.
PS. Personally, I think Robert DeNiro was too "inward" and (at that time) plain-looking an actor to play Sonny well. I think it took DeNiro years to overcome the kind of dumb personality he projected in Taxi Driver and Raging Bull. He lucked out playing Young Vito Corleone because he didn't say too much and we all had Brando as the "model."
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