There's a book called "The Story the Soldiers Wouldn't Tell: Sex in the Civil War". The author notes that some of the subjects he tried to research--especially obscene language--were difficult because people were loath to record that sort of thing for posterity, but he found some evidence that it existed. (Swearing at a superior was a serious offense and there were many courts martial for this.)
There is a story that Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson, who was particularly determined that men under his command use clean language, heard a man swearing at a mule, and asked the man whether it was necessary to speak that way. The mule driver insisted that if he did not, the mule would never carry the supplies to where they needed to be. General Jackson supposedly gave the man dispensation to cuss.
Some imagination is fair in recreating Civil War era speech. Words that linguists know to have been part of English for hundreds of years (and Indo-European for thousands) are likely to have been in use during the Civil War just as they were before and afterward.
It is true that words and expressions we assume are of recent origin are often really from further in the past than we think. The African-American poet and novelist Paul Lawrence Dunbar provides good examples. In about 1910 he had a character in a novel say, "That piano player is far out." Twenty years earlier, Dunbar wrote of one of his friends, "Orville Wright is out of sight." (Yes, Dunbar went to high school with and was close friends with the future co-inventor of the airplane.)
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