Firstly, plagiarism is not copyright infringement. Plagiarism is more a matter of ethics -- claiming a work as yours when it isn't. It can also cover things that cannot be protected by copyright laws, such as ideas or plots, but it isn't technically enforceable by law (though you can kicked out of school for it).
Comparatively, copyright infringement is a legal matter. It can mean, of a work that is not yours and without the permission of the author: distributing the work to the public, creating sequels/prequels/etc of the work, or reproducing the work, among other things. However, this only applies to copyright holders. Not all authors of a work hold the rights to that work, and the rights can be bought by others.
Where fanfiction is concerned ... I'm not a copyright lawyer or anything, but from what I understand, fanfiction itself doesn't violate copyright fair use laws, but a specific fanfiction work could if the writer isn't careful... which most of them are not careful, and many fanfiction works do violate copyright laws. Occasionally, a fanfic writer will get a cease and desist letter. Most don't, probably because fanfic writers don't get any money for it, and their free fanfics can generate more interest for the original works.
As for FSOG, it is most definitely plagiarism because ELJ took characters and broad plot elements from another work, changed the names a bit, and claimed it as her own. However, plagiarism isn't technically illegal, just very frowned upon.
Honestly, I think Stephanie Meyer could make a case for copyright infringement since the fanfic version of FSOG still exists online. ELJ is making money on characters and plots that were heavily "borrowed," and I doubt she would be able to make a fair use argument since it's neither transformative nor a parody. However, Meyer would have to actually press charges since she's the copyright holder. But she hasn't, for whatever reason.
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