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The film’s title is an allusion to a line of Alexander Pope’s Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot: “Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?” The line is usually interpreted as questioning why someone would put massive effort into achieving something minor or unimportant.
Who Breaks a Butterfly upon a Wheel
Writing in the 15th Century, Pope was witness to the hideous tortures méted out to all kinds of miscreants, breaking the villain's bones on a wheel with an iron bar being one of the more inventive. To break a delicate creature like a butterfly in such a brutal way as upon a wheel has come to be synonymous with applying superabundant effort in the accomplishment of a small matter. A modern, if far less gruesome, equivalent would be to use a sledge hammer to crack a nut.
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