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Any reasons why Nolan inserted clues supporting Teddy's story if untrue?


There seems to be much argument here about whether Teddy is telling the truth about Sammy Jenkins and Leonard's wife at the end of the film. To me, it seems clear that Nolan inserted clues in the film to support those aspects of Teddy's story, so it seems as if the only question that matters in this debate is why did Nolan insert those shots if Teddy is lying?

There are two points in the film that Leonard has a memory of preparing an insulin injection for his wife without her ever being mentioned - plus another point in the film (along with one of the previous) that implies that the Sammy Jenkins "story" is, in fact, Leonard's story - exactly as Teddy tells him.

The first clue is the most subtle one - and the one which most people miss the first time watching the film. It occurs around 1:21:29 in the film, when Leonard is at Natalie's house alone and turns on the TV set. He looks at his tattoo that says, "Remember Sammy Jenkins" and instead of remembering Sammy, he remembers himself - preparing an insulin injection for his wife:

http://daysalive.com/share/Leonards_First_Memory.jpg

Now, in case someone wants to suggest that the 33-year old Guy Pierce's (Leonard's) hands are actually the 49-year old Stephen Tobolowsky's (Sammy's) hands - or that it isn't Leonard's wife in the background - I suggest comparing these stills of Sammy's hands and Leonard's wife wearing the same white dress and gold chain against the same green sofa from later in the film.

http://daysalive.com/share/Sammys_Hands_and_Leonards_Wife.jpg

My conclusion: Leonard's wife was diabetic - and Sammy's "story" is, in fact, Leonard's.

The second clue is the most obvious one - and the one which most people notice the first time watching the film. It occurs around 1:30:02 in the film, when Leonard is relating the "Sammy Jenkins Story". While remembering Sammy in the mental institution, Sammy inexplicably morphs into Leonard himself during the memory:

http://daysalive.com/share/Leonards_Second_Memory.jpg

My conclusion: Sammy's "story" is, in fact, Leonard's.

The last clue is also fairly subtle and often missed, and it occurs around 1:42:57. Many viewers believe Leonard thinks of his wife as diabetic after Teddy mentions it. In fact, this is false. Teddy only says the words "The insulin." and it triggers a memory in Leonard of preparing an insulin injection for his wife:

http://daysalive.com/share/Leonards_Third_Memory.jpg

My conclusion: Leonard's wife was diabetic.

So again, to me, the million-dollar question is, why did Nolan insert shots in the film giving Leonard memories which support Teddy's story if Teddy's story is untrue? If anyone has a rational argument to the contrary, or a different logical interpretation for those memories, I'd be curious to hear it.

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Nolan has whole sequences of memories of Sammy Jenkins and his wife. What do you make of those? Are they clues for anything?

My view as I've said in other posts is that Leonard's long term memory IS getting flaky and he sees so much of himself in Jenkins case. Especially since it happened to him too.

His memory IS getting flaky/blurry because of the choices he makes(why are there missing pages from his file) but also because of the influence and manipulation of Teddy....Teddy tries at every turn to manipulate him and occasionally to mess his long term memory. He says his wife is diabetic. Leonard strongly contests that. Then he has overlapping images in his mind. Doing a needle injection to her thigh then simply pinching it,...doing that he dismisses the idea...why does he do that? Is it because he knows it isn't true or he decides it isn't true?

Does his story make more sense with the wife's death from insulin od or from the attack?

Why Nolan put those small images as clues can be explained by both theories.

1. Yes he killed his wife and the tragedy/trauma of it as well as his own decisions, brought memory suppression along with a radical morphing/change of his long term memory.

2. No he didn't kill his wife, but the trauma/tragedy of what happened as well as his own decisions, brought the morphing/change of sporadic episodes of his long term memory.

Which is more probable?



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Nolan has whole sequences of memories of Sammy Jenkins and his wife. What do you make of those? Are they clues for anything?

Many of those are not "memories" (especially the entire final sequences involving Sammy's wife being diabetic or her death) - Leonard wasn't a fly on the wall in Sammy's home, was he? They are total fabrications of Leonard's mind - and as such, they can be invented, altered, repressed and/or displaced in any fashion.

1. Yes he killed his wife and the tragedy/trauma of it as well as his own decisions, brought memory suppression along with a radical morphing/change of his long term memory.

2. No he didn't kill his wife, but the trauma/tragedy of what happened as well as his own decisions, brought the morphing/change of sporadic episodes of his long term memory.

Which is more probable?

This is a fictional movie - anything is both probable and possible. As others have pointed out, Nolan's depiction of AMD is not factually correct to begin with (there are many mistakes) - so to try to resolve this issue with "which is more probable" seems completely irrelevant.

Rather, the question for me is, which is more logical?

1. Nolan inserts clues in the movie which support the (twist) reveal of the truth at the end of the film.

2. Nolan inserts shots in the movie which contradict the actual truth he wants you to believe at the end of the film.

And the answer seems fairly obvious.

But according to you, Nolan inserted shots which (unintentionally?) support Teddy's story - yet are actually intended only to suggest that Leonard is conflating events?

That seems much less logical (and probable).

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Many of those are not "memories" (especially the entire final sequences involving Sammy's wife being diabetic or her death) - Leonard wasn't a fly on the wall in Sammy's home, was he? They are total fabrications of Leonard's mind - and as such, they can be created, recreated, repressed and/or displaced in any fashion.


You're waiving the 'he couldn't know what happened to Sammy's wife' argument but of course he could. Records of his Sammy Jenkins case. He clearly remembers the wife coming to his office asking him and his answer which showed he was an excellent insurance agent..( I mean a doctor should have had the final word not him, no matter how long he had been following the case) Nolan is clearly using expository narrative while Leonard is on the phone....You are asking why he put 3 minuscule shots and do not ask why he put entire sequences?

It only comes down to which degree his long term memory is damaged? (voluntarily by Leonard himself and Teddy's manipulation)

1. Nolan inserts clues in the movie which support the (twist) reveal of the truth at the end of the film.


I think this is the logical explanation but it doesn't mean what you think it means.

Bottom line, the twist is not that he killed his wife, but that his long term memory is morphing as a result of his own illogical/revenge driven decisions - the premise is that the long term memory facts are established truth, but they are now changing as a result of his interactions with Teddy and others and his revenge quest ..he basically has deep psychological trauma on top off his aa.

A radical change of long term memory from the beginning (which I take is one of what you consider twists) brings nothing to the story. The fact that he killed his wife has no relation whatsoever with Teddy and the story becomes empty and hollow imo....just a mad man running around in macabre circles of revenge...


But according to you, Nolan inserted shots which (unintentionally?) support Teddy's story - yet are actually intended only to suggest that Leonard is conflating events?


Where do you get that what Teddy'story is supported by those shots?? Remember reverse chronology, Teddy speaks about insulin and that Leonard's wife is diabetic. ..aren't those shots proof that he's being successful in messing with Leonard's long term memory? Or at least trying? Isn't it adding to Leonard's aggravation with Teddy how he manipulates him?

Why is Teddy doing that? Why does he get Leonard to kill for him? Absolute manipulation and power. If he messes Leonard's long term memory, it would be so much easier for him to deal with Leonard. ..mould in his hands...


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You're waiving the 'he couldn't know what happened to Sammy's wife' argument but of course he could. Records of his Sammy Jenkins case.

No, I never said "he couldn't know" - I said he couldn't visually remember what occurred inside of Sammy's house, because of course, he wasn't there. So those "scenes" which take place without Leonard present are obviously creations of Leonard's mind (whether factual or not) - exactly as I create "scenes" in my head when I read a book. Claiming they are simply "expository" is ridiculous since every other single shot in the film is either Leonard's POV or his memory.

Bottom line, the twist is not that he killed his wife, but that his long term memory is morphing as a result of his own illogical/revenge driven decisions

So your contention is that an interesting twist to end the film with is not that Leonard has repressed and displaced his long-term memory due to guilt and trauma about his wife, which we, the audience, were led to believe died in the attack - but rather just that he's beginning to displace his memory due to the revenge-seeking which he has been doing, and we have been observing, for exactly the reasons we've known the entire film?

Wow, I have to heartily disagree with that assessment. That would be one of the most boring "twists" in cinema history.

The fact that he killed his wife has no relation whatsoever with Teddy and the story becomes empty and hollow imo.

I heartily disagree with this as well. Your interpretation of events seems much less of an interesting commentary on the nature of memory - and much more of a banal crime-drama involving a good guy and a bad guy.

Where do you get that what Teddy'story is supported by those shots?? Remember reverse chronology, Teddy speaks about insulin and that Leonard's wife is diabetic. ..

You seem to be mixing up the chronology yourself. See Clue #3 mentioned in my first post. If I say just the words, "The insulin." to you (or to anyone), would you have a memory of sitting next to your wife (or partner) while preparing an insulin injection for them? Of course you wouldn't, and neither should Leonard. But according to you, rather than supporting Teddy's story, this is proof that Teddy has - offscreen and unseen by us the audience - induced Leonard to think this way. Total poppycock.

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just a mad man running around in macabre circles of revenge...
this is your version of the events and i heartily disagree with it...hollow story with a ha! Fooled ya! Sign from Nolan at the end...

Bottom line, the twist is not that he killed his wife, but that his long term memory is morphing as a result of his own illogical/revenge driven decisions


My version of story is a character study of someone that ends in a very dark place as a result of intricate interactions...with Nolan showing the dark progression of a very damaged person....


But according to you, rather than supporting Teddy's story, this is proof that Teddy has - offscreen and unseen by us the audience - conditioned Leonard to think this way in previous years. Total poppycock.
incorrect. You are strawmanning considerably...it is onscreen that he says insulin and wife is diabetic...onscreen overlapping of the images of injection and pinching...you just see it the other way around and, also years??? How long has he been on the run?

I think we have actually exhausted the subject.
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Why are you quoting yourself in your response? None of what you quoted - save the last part - was written by me.

incorrect. You are strawmanning considerably...it is onscreen that he says insulin and wife is diabetic...onscreen overlapping of the images of injection and pinching...you just see it the other way around and, also years??? How long has he been on the run?

Once again, you have your chronology wrong and it appears you need to watch the film again. My initial post was extremely specific about precisely what is shown - so please post actual evidence to the contrary. The memories you mention happen later in the scene.

Teddy FIRST says the words, "The insulin." (without EVER mentioning Leonard's wife is diabetic) and Leonard has a memory of sitting NEXT TO HIS WIFE and preparing an insulin injection (I've helpfully included the shot sequence in the stills). Later, there is talk of whether Leonard's wife was/wasn't diabetic.

Sorry, man, I'm afraid as much as you'd like to, you can't change the actual chronology of the scene.

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Why are you quoting yourself in your response?
expediency...

Both summary of versions and their interpretation was my view...I thought it would be understood, my bad if you took it as attributing it to you. ..

Your chronology is as it was presented on film or the logical one? If the discussion is the wife diabetic or not is later presented in the disordered version then it means it is earlier in the ordered version so it gives a bit of weight to my Interpretation of Lenny trying to mess up with him but in actuality the order is not that important to me, (I know, don't jump to the ceiling re a film that is all about order) but I think there are elements that are there for exploration of the characters and Leo troubles with his long memory and Lenny's role in that is of this kind imo....

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Your chronology is as it was presented on film or the logical one?

Both. Here is the exact order of events between Teddy and Leonard that first starts Leonard remembering his past- precisely as it appears on screen (and in real-world chronology):

Teddy:
"Remember Sammy Jankis?" Great story. Gets better every time you tell it.
So you lie to yourself to be happy. There's nothing wrong with that. We all do it.
Who cares if there's a few little details you'd rather not remember?
Leonard:
What the fĂșck are you talking about?
Teddy:
I don't know. Your wife surviving the assault.
(Leonard has a memory of his wife's eye blinking under the plastic)
Teddy:
Her not believing your condition. The torment and pain and anguish tearing her up inside.
(Leonard has a memory of his wife looking distraught)
Teddy:
The insulin.
(Leonard has a memory of preparing an insulin injection while sitting next to his wife on the sofa)
Leonard:
That's Sammy, not me. I told you about Sammy.
Teddy:
Yeah, right. Like you tell yourself over and over again.
Conditioning yourself to remember. Learning through repetition.

The memories which you mentioned happen later in the scene - and in real-world chronology.

So earlier on in this thread, you mentioned two possibilities and asked which was more probable. Let me propose the following - which of the two hypotheticals is more probable?

1) Someone suffers a traumatic event and as a result, represses/displaces memories connected to that event.
2) A stranger (because that's what Teddy is to him: a stranger) mentions fictitious events or objects (i.e. insulin) and it provokes someone else to have vivid but false memories concerning those events or objects and their loved one.

The first hypothetical is something I've heard of and read of fairly often over the years. The second hypothetical is something that I've not only never experienced myself, I've never even heard of it.

For example, I had a very good friend that was addicted to painkillers - if you mention the word "painkillers" to me, it doesn't somehow provoke me to have a false memory that it was actually me or my wife that was addicted to painkillers.

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I'll have to re watch the film re all their conversations...


1) Someone suffers a traumatic event and as a result, represses/displaces memories connected to that event.
2) A stranger (because that's what Teddy is to him: a stranger) mentions fictitious events or objects (i.e. insulin) and it causes a second person to have vivid but false memories concerning those events or objects and their loved one.

The first hypothetical is something I've heard of and read of fairly often over the years. The second hypothetical is something that I've not only never experienced myself, I've never even heard of it.


yes, I agree that the first one is quite common and also what is known as retrograde amnesia or just amnesia...what Leonard has it's anterograde amnesia as I suspect you already know...

If Leonard is Sammy and the wife dies as described in the Sammy story, Leonard wouldn't remember this traumatic event as Sammy didn't. He just gave his wife his usual shot. Even if the shock of his wife's death would cause Leonard to forget how she died and who did it, it wouldn't cause him to forget the fact that she was diabetic...It is fairly explained re his aa illness(google it) that the long term memory is not affected by his state, actually the older the memory the cleaner it is in the patient's mind.

Diabetis has an extremely repetitive treatment. My mother has had it for 20 + years now so I speak from first hand experience. One takes 1-3 shots daily + pills every other meal. It would have been ingrained/silloned in his long term memory as a fact. Even if he knew his wife only for a short time before this attack happened, the nature of the treatment would have made it impossible for him to forget that fact given his own illness. He might very well forget he did once already do the injection but he wouldn't forget to do the injection (and thus by extension) that his wife is diabetic. So again, Leonard might have suppressed that he killed his own wife by od of insulin, or rather he forgot he did that, or that she survived the attack, but he wouldn't in any way forget that she simply had diabetes.

I find this article from the Guardian quite interesting especially this quote re the manipulation of memories (which is my explanation re the 3 shots from Nolan as a character trait reveal of Teddy-i wrote Lenny in the above post but I meant of course Teddy)

More recently, the work of Elizabeth Loftus has shown that our memories of events can easily be manipulated and distorted, with subtle leading questions or doctored photographs. All of this has profound implications for the use of eye-witness testimonies in the courtroom.


http://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2012/feb/13/1?CMP=twt_gu

There was another one that I read but can't find it anymore re the confabulation and the creation of false memories from anchoring imagined facts to real long term memories. So still down imo to: is Leonard's long term memory deteriorating or was it already completely destroyed from the beginning?

For me is much more interesting in the case that is happening during the film, we see how he decides things and his escalating hate of Teddy; the other version is all this with the retrospective view that he was actually screwed in the head from the start, so no real development then, just an aha! moment for the audience, for me it would be cheap.

Let's add another perspective, that of the wife.

I didn't question the behaviour of Sammy's wife profoundly. It was an extreme solution but her situation was also extremely difficult and painful. An old couple who has lived so long together and know each other well, I can accept that she's going to extremes to see if her husband is actually ill. The financial aspect of it too. Otoh, Leonard's wife is young, she has her whole live in front of her. Why would she go to such extremes to see if Leonard's really not remembering giving her the insulin? What is the point of that... he has a diagnosed illness. If she was incapacitated because of the attack, who in the world would let Leonard take care of her?? They would both be followed by specialised staff in some institution wouldn't they?

The whole scenario of him giving her the shots becomes too much, not believable. If she wanted to die, would she use Leonard as a means to it? Would she make her husband a murderer even though he won't remember it?


For the sake of completeness, the dialogue of Teddy-Leonard in the end:

Here is the final dialogue between Leonard and Teddy, in the final scene, where most of truth about Leonard is being revealed:

Leonard: He knew about Sammy, why would I tell him about Sammy?!

Teddy: You tell everybody about Sammy! Everybody who'll listen! "Remember Sammy Jankis?" "Remember Sammy Jankis?" Great story. Gets better every time you tell it. So you lie to yourself to be happy. There's nothing wrong with that. We all do it. Who cares if there's a few little details you'd rather not remember?

Leonard: What the *beep* are you talking about?

Teddy: I don't know. Your wife surviving the assault. Her not believing your condition. The torment and pain and anguish tearing her up inside. The insulin.

Leonard: That's Sammy, not me. I told you about Sammy.

Teddy: Yeah, right. Like you tell yourself over and over again. Conditioning yourself to remember, learning through repetition. Sammy let his wife kill herself. Sammy ended up in an institution. Sammy was a con man. A faker.

Leonard: I never said that Sammy was faking.

Teddy: You exposed him for what he was. A fraud.

Leonard: I was wrong. That's the whole point. See, Sammy's wife came to me...

Teddy: Sammy didn't have a wife. It was your wife who had diabetes.

Leonard: My wife wasn't diabetic.

Teddy: You sure?

Leonard: She wasn't diabetic. You think I don't know my own wife? What the *beep* is wrong with you?

Teddy: I guess I can only make you remember the things you want to be true. Like old Jimmy down there.

Leonard: He's not the right guy.

Teddy: He was to you. Come on, you got your revenge. Enjoy it while you still remember. What difference does it make whether he was your guy or not?

Leonard: It makes all the difference.

Teddy: Why? You're never gonna know.

Leonard: Yes, I will.

Teddy: No, you won't.

Leonard: Somehow I'll know.

Teddy: You won't remember!

Leonard: When it's done, I will know.

Teddy: I thought so, too, I was sure of it, but you didn't! That's right. The real John G. I helped you find him over a year ago. He's already dead.

Leonard: Don't lie to me any more.

Teddy: Look, Lenny...I was the cop assigned to your wife's case, I believed you. I thought you deserved a chance for revenge. I'm the one that helped you find the other guy in your bathroom that night. The guy that cracked your skull and *beep* your wife. We found him, you killed him. But you didn't remember. So I helped you start looking again, looking for the guy you already killed.

Leonard: Oh, yeah? So who was he?

Teddy: Just some guy. Does it matter who? No reason, Lenny, no conspiracy, just bad *beep* luck. Couple of junkies too strung out to realise your wife didn't live alone. But when you killed him I was so convinced that you'd remember. But it didn't stick. Like nothing ever sticks, like this won't stick. I took that picture. Just when you did it. Look how happy you are. I wanted to see that face again.

Leonard: Oh, gee, thanks(!)

Teddy: *beep* you. I gave you a reason to live and you were more than happy to help. You don't want the truth. You make up your own truth, like your police file. It was complete when I gave it to you. Who took out the twelve pages?

Leonard: You, probably.

Teddy: No, it wasn't me, see, it was you.

Leonard: Why would I do that?

Teddy: To create a puzzle you could never solve. Do you know how many towns...how many John Gs or James Gs? I mean, *beep* Lenny, I'm a *beep* John G.

Leonard: Your name's Teddy.

Teddy: My mother calls me Teddy. My name's John Edward Gammell. Cheer up. There's plenty of John Gs for us to find.


http://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/3234/what-really-happened-in-memento


P.s. I think I outdid my quota of posts for at least a month...good luck with the reading.

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