Late reply, but quite a few duties in the Military allow for civilian clothes, In the case of criminal investigations it allowed when contact with civilians or duties in off post sites are expected; or when wear of the uniform may cause a negative effect or unwanted attention. It is also perceived to facilitate situations where rank may become a factor, a lower ranking investigator's authority is augmented by the wear of clothing differentiating him in situations where a higher ranking person is involved. The investigator's authority supersedes the rank of the individual(s) being investigated (save for basic courtesies and decorum; the rank is still respected).
Special operatives also wear civilian clothes frequently in their duties, as well as anyone assigned to duty in a country wear the wear of foreign uniforms are prohibited by local laws. Traveling between assignments is considered 'on duty' and civilian clothes is allowed normally. I'm sure there are others, but that's all that comes to mind off the top of my head.
In the Army it's covered under AR 670-1 and AR 700-84.
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