Black Muslims circa 1960 were far more likely to be reading Message to the Blackman in America by Elijah Muhammad than anything by Ibn Khaldun.
In other words, Islam mostly came to black Americans in the form of groups like the Moorish Science Temple, the Nation of Islam, the Five Percenters, etc., who had their own "unorthodox" beliefs and black-centered spin on the religion.
As for mainstream Muslims, they tend to play up the "universal" aspects of Islam and the fact that Muhammad freed a black slave named Bilal who became one of his most important associates. Of course, in reality, Muhammad's attitude toward slavery (and the practices of Islamic rulers and traders throughout the centuries) don't live up to the sanitized image, but that doesn't necessarily stop Africans from identifying with Islam any more than it stops them from identifying with Christianity (whose followers generally stress a similarly "universal" message despite centuries of theological justifications for slavery.)
Politics also played a part. There was a particularly strong effort in the 1960s-70s to promote pride in black culture, and Islam was seen as not only in some sense at odds with existing American society but led to black converts replacing their "slave names" with new ones (hence why Malcolm Little ended up by the end of his life known as el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz.)
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