What is religion? Belief? What does an individual believe? Why? How does an individual interact within a society? What does a society believe communally? What happens when different beliefs conflict within a society?
These are some questions to consider while pondering the evolution of a civilization. For a civilization cannot exist apart from its doctrine. The doctrine which dictates hierarchy, order, law, government, power, need, endeavor.
Early civilizations arose in the midst of ignorance, where knowledge which imparted the means of survival was divine power.
Knowledge of the seasons and agriculture, of migrations and hunting, of toolmaking and industry, of elemental forces which bestowed benefits or disaster.
Such knowledge was beyond the scope of one man and needed by everyone within the society. Such knowledge (like astronomical charts) required discipline, writing, and a priesthood devoted to its study.
The early city states of Sumer were founded upon such principles, and each city had its own "God" as its benefactor and protector. And the priests of that God had the knowledge of the divine (when do I plant my crop? when does the river flood? how do I forge metal tools?) to impart to the laity for their benefit. This knowledge was often in the form of "scriptures" (writing).
As societies grew, they came into conflict with each other. Gods of warfare were called upon (what tactics and weapons should we use?). Societies intermingled. Nations and Empires were formed. Now new elements arose. One was polytheism or pluralism of Gods as Gods from different cultures were absorbed into new cultures. Another element was consolidation of power, or a redefinition of the hierarchy. Mighty men took upon themselves the attributes of Gods and commanded the priests and controlled their knowledge. An excellent example of this is found in Xerxes of Persia.
But now new conflicts arose. A power struggle between the polytheistic Gods and the rule of the Emporer. Some cultures adopted national Gods or monotheistic practices to consolidate power (Egypt for a time under Akhnaton, and Israel under Moses who came out of Egypt near the time of Akhnaton). An alternative to monotheism was a polytheism which mandated the inclusion of a specific God among the many gods. Such was the Roman rule at the time of Christ and was their reason for killing him and his disciples - they would not acknowledge Caesar as their God.
When Alexander conquered Asia 200 years earlier, Buddhism was brought westward into Israel and Greece. This is why much of Jesus' teaching is a direct quote of Buddha. He merged the Jewish national religion with Buddhist values in order to overthrow the Roman rule with a passive resistance much like Ghandi did in India to the British. Only Jesus failed where Ghandi succeeded.
But Jesus' followers were persistent, and eventually they infected and overcame the Roman Empire with their new religion - Christianity - which owes much to Paul of Tarsus. Paul applied logical Greek thinking to Jesus' Buddhist philosophies. The Romans greatly admired Greek thought and came to be persuaded not by Jesus' doctrines, but by Paul's (which improvised Jesus' philosophies to suit Greek thought and Gentile minds).
As the Roman Empire crumbled, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox priesthoods maintained learning, knowledge, and power through the Dark Ages. Concurrently, in the Near East, Mohammed wrote a book called the Koran, and proclaimed a monotheistic religion. For his God, he chose one of many gods, Allah, the moon god. And he was the prophet. With force of arms (acknowledge Allah and Mohammed or die) he conquered the Near East and obliterated polytheism, and all power was his.
The middle ages saw the clash of powers, the Crusades, with Christianity fighting Islam. Eventually both sides wearied of the struggle and called a truce. Much lost Greek thought was now reintroduced into Europe, having been lost for a millenium. Thus began the renaissance and the birth of scientific thought and rational humanistic philosophy and Atheism. Also, the Reformation coincided with this as local lords and kings (like Henry VIIIth of England) sought autonomy from the Roman Catholic church. These kings no longer had to fight together against Islamic Moors under the banner of the Catholic church - they could now fight each other and rebel against the Catholic church.
The birth of science resulted in both new modes of living as well as new ways of thinking. Inventions brought about a wealthy middle class. Weapons of warfare were transformed, mostly by gunpowder brought from China by the Muslims during the Crusader years. People no longer wished to be subject to kings, or to religious authorities, which gave birth to America and France, which preach democracy and separation of church and state. Incidentally, this was not to keep the church from influencing the state, but to keep the state from exterminating the church.
Everybody's got to believe something. If God were not real, man would invent him. And politics and religion are inseparable.
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