They were not ordered to be the spearhead -- Cornel Shaw requested it. And that is in keeping with history.
As noted in the film, white officers in the Army did not think that blacks would make good soldiers. So at first, most black regiments (the 54th was not the first and was not the only) were given old flint locks and sent to act as what today we would call "service troops" (supply, rear area security etc). There was a battle about a month before Vicksburg fell at Milken's Bend, where black supply troops with old weapons and little training held off a Confederate assault.
As the Secretary of War Ed Stanton said "Many persons believed, or pretended to believe, and confidently asserted, that freed slaves would not make good soldiers; they would lack courage, and could not be subjected to military discipline. Facts have shown how groundless were these apprehensions. The slave has proved his manhood, and his capacity as an infantry soldier, at Milliken's Bend, at the assault upon Port Hudson, and the storming of Fort Wagner."
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