I could be wrong but it seemed like at least some of the bodies were wearing the black pajamas of the Viet Cong, so I always assumed the bodies/heads lying around the compound were VC or NVA soldiers who were meant to keep other attackers away while keeping Kurtz's Montagnards in line. As someone else said, supposedly Colby describes an attack by the NVA before Willard's boat showed up which would corroborate this.
Of course, it could always be just someone who rubbed Kurtz the wrong way. We see Kurtz waltz up to Willard and dump Chef's head in his lap, so perhaps it's just rule-of-law in the compound to behead traitors/spies/enemies/prisoners and leave the remains for relatives or associates to ponder on should they think of betraying Kurtz.
Another poster said the heads on pikes has to do with the Vietnamese religion, which would make sense. I don't know anything personally about religions from the area, but I once read a book about Cambodian refugees where an American patted a kid on the head and all the relatives were shocked because they believed the spirit enters/leaves/is located in the head.
Also it would make sense for Kurtz to know about the religious beliefs of the locals, because again Kurtz was special forces so he'd probably be well aware of how to psychologically screw with the locals and play on their fear of death. In real life there was a U.S. operation (I forget what it's called) but they had helicopters fly around at night and play these ultra-loud recordings of a Vietnamese man claiming he'd been killed, calling out to his family members and saying he was dead. Apparently it scared the sh!t out of the VC, and it's still creepy to listen to.
There's also how everything becomes the more abstract the further Willard's boat goes down river, with the Do Lung bridge being the last stop before going totally insane (which is why it's shown collapsing). Kurtz's compound is at the end of the river, so instead of necessarily going for realism it looks more like some hellish nightmare.
Can't be too careful with all those weirdos running around.
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