I was a kid when this movie came out (and vaguely remember hearing about it then), but you're correct, the film went about as far as its makers felt comfortable doing. An indy company might have made something a bit more controversial but even they would have pulled their punches, and in any case the lower budget would have dampened the film's strong visual images.
But the negative feeling most people had against interracial romantic relationships was pretty widespread in this country well into the 60s, and beyond. Miscengenation laws remained on the books in many states until repealed or struck down by the courts in the late 60s, but people's disapproving attitudes lingered longer.
Basically, I think this movie arrived about 8-10 years too early. Had it come out around 1967 or so it could have hit the racial issue more forthrightly (certainly by 1970). But for the reasons I mentioned before, the producers figured they had to play it safe, so after approaching the realm of serious controversy, they turned tail and ran for cover -- hence, the conventionalization of the film by bringing in the standard white racist, which allowed them to draw the film's focus away from the interracial romance aspect to a more obvious, but dull, straight-out racism tale. That, plus its sappy resolution -- we all learn to live together, la-dee-dah -- really flattened this film after its promising start.
I don't know that tackling the interracial love story more forthrightly would have seriously damaged either Stevens's or Belafonte's careers. But it would have been extremely controversial, that's for certain (and probably helped the box office due to such notoriety). Belafonte quit films after 1959 anyway, and didn't appear in another until 1970. Stevens had her greatest success on TV in the 60s, and I doubt any treatment of this film would have changed that. Ferrer, who never quite made it as a top star anyway, usually played cads, so his role here made no difference to his career.
Incidentally, it should be noted that the year before this film (1958), MGM released a movie called The Decks Ran Red, a tale about murder and mutiny aboard a freighter in the Pacific, which starred James Mason. In that movie, the gorgeous black actress Dorothy Dandridge engaged in mainstream American cinema's first true interracial kiss (several of them) with Stuart Whitman, who played one of the mutineers. However, in the movie Dandridge's character was supposed to be a Maori, the wife of the ship's cook, from New Zealand. It's still an interracial sexual relationship, but not quite as unacceptable (to racist whites) as a flat-out white/black relationship. (Making her a Maori also added a tinge of the exotic, thereby softening the racial blow.) And of course in that case, it was a white man lusting after a woman of color. Lots of white men secretly had such feelings (and many had such encounters for real), but society considered this a "permissible" deviant thought, vs. having a black man interested in a white girl. Point is, it shows that depicting an interracial romance at least a bit more explicitly could be done, even in 1959.
(Incidentally, it's often erroneously stated that the 1957 film Island in the Sun, which co-starred Belafonte and Dandridge, contained the screen's first interracial kiss, but this is not so. Both those performers' characters had interracial romantic relationships -- with Joan Fontaine and John Justin, respectively -- but in neither case did they actually kiss. Dandridge and Justin embraced cheek to cheek but never kissed in any manner. But just a year later Dorothy did indeed deliver the screen's first such "forbidden" kiss.)
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