This is a question which most people would still answer in the affirmative - so not much has changed since the Middle Ages (except the religious reasons given then).
The proper answer is 'no'. (It's also not inevitable that the Sun will rise tomorrow.)
There will always be the possibility an 'accident', but the chance of this happening on any particular day can be reduced to a very small level, and, if you survive that day, you have gained a day of life.
We may be able to cure all diseases one day.
We may be able to prevent ageing one day.
I don't suppose that anyone alive today will live to see either of the above two conditions, so we can say that death is inevitable for us, but not that death itself is inevitable.
I believe that death is indeed inevitable and the only logical thing for all of us to fear. The complete and total end to everything is rather dramatic. Pretty easy to understand the temptation to believe in an afterlife, reincarnation, whatever.
"Ryu-san, you don't quite look your character's age."
Pfff, I pity those who fear death. The thought alone brings a smile to my face. I have no plans of ever ending my life (unless I become very very sick first and/or lose my child and the rest of my family in some freak accident), but I've never felt as much at peace as the three times when I looked death into the eyes. Perfect serenity, a warm embrace and not a cold hand is what awaits me. I think there was a time when I was afraid of death, but I cannot feel fear of death if I'm trying to these days.
And I'm so *beep* glad about it. I've seen quite a few people die a miserable and pitiful death in hospital. But then there are those that close their eyes and let go and you can see all the conflicts vanish from their faces. Some even smile. Not the big fat grin type of smile, but a very subtle smile that must be coming from deep inside their mind, from the knowledge that "this is just right".
If all diseases were cured tomorrow and the aging process was eliminated, that still means that people will die in accidents, wars, disasters etc. There will still be famine, suicides and murders.
OK, so there may be a few people that live for millenia, avoiding danger, they spend thousands of years on Earth. Until our sun dies. No matter how healthy you are, a sun turning into a black hole will not be something you walk away from.
Oh, perhaps you've lived long enough that travel to other solar systems is possible. You find a little place to call home. Until their sun dies. Repeat and repeat, running through the universe trying to find shelter from the overwhelming laws of atrophy. Wherever you go, there is still the fact that the universe itself will one day end. You may own an Indiana Jones style fridge, or a shelter made entirely of diamond, but even these things can not survive the overwhelming pressure of a near infinite universe being crushed in to the microscopic mass of a lone singularity.
And don't say time travel, there are too many reasons why that's no sort of get-out-of-jail-free card.
Sorry matey, but whatever we try, we will ALL die. Except Maggie Thatcher. That bitch appears to be here forever.
Why are the right wing always so angry? And why do I find their foolish hatred so very, very funny?
There is one thing you seem to disregard. If we all live under the threat of death, even if we eliminate the two primary reasons for death, each day you live will increase the probability of death happening. So, even if a quote from fightclub feels a little bit superficial in this kind of discussion, I feel it still pertains to the topic:
On a long enough timeline, the survival rate for everyone drops to zero.
My thought is that if we dont have age or disease anymore, we still have other factors that may kill us, and if we are undying creatures, we have an infinite timescale, therefore the chance of death happening is infinite at some time during that timescale (I'm by no means a mathematician though, so I may be wrong about this)
For death to be avoidable we have to remove all causes for it on an infinite timescale.
Some might find me morally challenged or morally ambigious. I prefer morally creative.
On a long enough timeline, the survival rate for everyone drops to zero.
The point I was making is that really only applies to illness and aging. The chance of death by 'accident' (in the broadest sense) will fluctuate according to personal circumstances but doesn't increase in a systematic way.
Of course if you want to include the heat death of the Universe in your timeline it might be true, but this would be about nine orders of magnitude greater than current human lifespans.
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I draw a distinction between "identity" death and "biological" death. The former is when one loses subjectivity and their sense of "I"; their identity is totally eradicated, as indicative in people who have had brain strokes:
The latter ('biological') is when one's bodily functions cease. One can look at biological death mournfully, but as humans, it is really identity death that frightens us. This is why many mainstream Christians and Muslims have created visions of heaven where one's memory remains intact; however, this is ludicrous, since memory is inherently malleable and impermanent. As that link I gave indicated, one can literally forget their name and everything that accompanies it! The whole cloud of associations attached to the name would dissipate, and one would begin a new life.
Granted, one can have an identity death without biological death, but it seems it biological death must also have the relinquishment of identity.
Granted, I have some final things to say:
If you apply Sorites paradox (i.g., consider a heap of sand, from which grains are individually removed - is it still a heap when only one grain remains? If not, when did it change from a heap to a non-heap?) to identity's constant change, at what point does it become "drastic"? You cannot logically argue that one forgetting their entire past is more meaningful than one forgetting a huge portion of their life. It is ultimately preference or our subjective inclinations when we claim x amount of memory loss equates to "huge" or "small" change in identity. Objectively, there is no way to determine what is considered a "drastic" change in identity. All there is, is constant change.
Add to the fact modern Neuroscience is showing our sense of self is a social construct and neurologically induced illusion:
Conclusion: "There is no beginning and no end. Nothing is immutable, everything changes. That thing which does not come into being does not die." - From the film Why Has the Bodhidharma Left for the East?
Accepting these two conclusions: A) All there is, is constant change. B) The self is a social construct and neurologically induced illusion.
You have to first answer what is birth. Your question was, "Is death inevitable?" My answer is that our true nature is essentially immortal. Since the "I" is a social construct or neurologically induced illusion, it never arises nor ceases. This is from Eastern Philosophies like Zen Buddhism, Advaita Hinduism, and Sufism.
I am Soto Zen Buddhist, and while it is indisputable that there is phenomenal birth and phenomenal death, to look at things from a more Absolute, non-anthormorphic viewpoint shows there is essentially no birth and no death. We were all Stardust at some point.
"What did your face look like before your parents were born?"
"Before we study Zen, the mountains are mountains and the rivers are rivers. While we are studying Zen, however, the mountains are no longer mountains and the rivers are no longer rivers. But then, when our study of Zen is completed, the mountains are once again mountains and the rivers once again rivers."
""Sweep away thoughts!" means one must do zazen. Once thoughts are quieted, the Original Face appears. Thoughts can be compared to clouds. When clouds vanish, the moon appears. The moon of suchness is the Original Face. Thoughts are also like the fogging of a mirror. When you wipe away all condensation, a mirror reflects clearly. Quiet your thoughts and behold your Original Face before you were born!" — Daito
"Cease practice based On intellectual understanding, Pursuing words and Following after speech. Learn the backward Step that turns Your light inward To illuminate within. Body and mind of themselves Will drop away And your original face will be manifest." — Dogen
I recommend trying to understand what I was pointing at.
I see what you are saying. I too believe we are essentially biological robots with the illusion of consciousness, although I do not belong to a religion. I don't believe there is an 'I' but I don't think that means we don't exist, we just don't exist how we think we do. The fact that we have this inescapable illusion of consciousness shows we are in being and the fact that one day that illusion will end shows that we will cease. We are not immortal because there is no beginning or end, quite the opposite. The 'I' may never arise or cease but our human bodies, our robot shell if you will, exists and ends and our illusion will do the same. Of course the illusion is not real so there is no actual 'I' to begin or cease but the illusion is definitely real, and begins and will come to and end, and the illusion is what we are. I think this is what you are saying too although you put it in a more spiritual and mystical manner.
Physicists don't know anything. We can't even answer the Hard Problem of Consciousness yet, and please, don't give me any reductionist propaganda. We honestly cannot say what we are and what we are not, with complete certainty yet. So how can you talk about what dies and what is born with certainty?
That's a far cry from what you write later, in the next sentence, about "complete certainty". There is a huge gap in between, which defines the scientific quest.
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I am a scientist, and scientists are not concerned with answering metaphysical questions. They deal with constraint-specific, empirical, rational, and falsifiable experiments (i.e., either reject or not reject the null hypothesis). They use this scientific approach in order to gather data and construct models of reality to apply*, and these models are not claimed to necessarily depict the way things are. It is simply used to predict certain phenomena relative to us and not offer a depiction of the true state of affairs.
Stuff like the 'hard problem of consciousness', 'why we have something rather than nothing', and etc. have not been addressed yet because it is not possible to answer within the scientific framework of understanding. Such questions show our cognitive limits and do not necessarily point to any source of divinity.
Until the hard problem of consciousness is answered, I will not try to guess what death is. Even the transition from sleep to waking life (and vice versa) is not fully understood yet, from all angles of enquiry (i.e., I mean we understand the neuronal oscillations and stuff but we don't understand everything about what happens in the transition yet).
The boundary between the "scientific" and the "metaphysical" is becoming more narrow and irrelevant. The very notion of consciousness is a definitely within the area of scientific research, where it makes sense. Consciousness is physical, as is identity. Once the stuff of that physical reality cease to exist within that particular structure, so does the consciousness.
I don't think that death can be compared to sleep, which occurs within a conscious reality.
But again, I still disagree with your "scientists don't know anything" statement. I don't accept the traditional dichotomy between science and the humanities, where one deals with facts, and the other with philosophy and metaphysical questions. It's all part of the human quest for understanding.
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The boundary between the "scientific" and the "metaphysical" is actually becoming more widened and relevant. Consciousness can be said to be dependent on neural activity for its existence, but it is not one and the same with neural phenomena. Answering what consciousness is will also open more metaphysical questions, so even if it is shown it is an emergent physical phenomena (e.g., electromagnetic field), that will introduced more questions. Consciousness may be physical, but I think at this point it can be agreed it does not have a strict identity with what we know about neural phenomenon (i.e., my feelings of pain are not the same thing as somatosensory cortex activity or feedback mechanisms, though it is dependent on them).
There are neuroscientists that argue sleep does not occur in conscious reality. There are unconscious moments of sleep if you study sleep cycles. Also, being put under anesthesia for all of my life doesn't seem much different from the prospect of the annihilation of being.
The traditional dichotomy between the science and humanities doesn't make sense, but the dichotomy between cognizable phenomena and incognizable elements of existence will always persist. Our brains are not equipped to make sense of everything, so perhaps even the question of "what happens after" death cannot be answered because it depends on incorrect assumptions. A better question is what's happening right now. We can find some relative contingencies, but we are not equipped to take it in all at once.
The traditional dichotomy between the science and humanities doesn't make sense.
With that I agree, and it's a point I've been trying to make for years within the educational institutions where I work.
I have objection to a kind of logic which says that "our brains can't perceive all phenomena, so any phenomenon that I imagine must exist. I can't accept a universe where there are phenomena that can't ultimately be measured, even if our human science has limited tools and conceptions.
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There are things we know that we don't know, and there are things we don't know about what we don't know ('unknown unknowns').
All scientific models are ultimately abstractions, and they are worthless if not applied. For example, a neural computational model does not reflect the activity of the brain perfectly, but it gives good approximations that can help in medical or research settings. My point is, we cannot take everything in at once, so there will always be unknown unknowns and unknown knowns.
Moreover, a cat cannot conceptualize what it means to be human (e.g., it cannot imagine certain components of our perception), and likewise, a human cannot conceptualize or intellectually answer certain questions of life. One of which is what happens when the egocentric ("I-me-mine") sense momentarily vanishes, and how does "one" experience life then?
There is a famous Zen Buddhist and eminent neurologist who talks about this. His name is James Austin. I recommend reading his Wiki link (unlike other people he's not New Agey and is an actual reputable neurologist):
Whatever the limits of science, it's our best shot at understanding. My problem with new-age mysticism is the idea that if science has limits, then anything I can imagine beyond those limits (many of which are only in the non-scientists' minds) must be true.
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Empirical science helps save lives and has infinite utility in medical and therapeutic settings. It is grounded in reality and much better than New Age skepticism, but what separates Zen from New Age skepticism is in how non-conceptual understanding is verified. What is imagined can never represent the unfathomable because it depends on memory and old patterns of thinking (i.e., stuff of the old). You cannot conceive, with the intellectualizing mind, the present moment in all its dynamic intricacies or multifacetedness. It can only be lived and experienced without expectation and awareness that does not grasp at appearances. The Hard Problem of Consciousness will never be answered with another model from cognitive science, as an example.
The point is, is to use models or blue prints for specific goals (e.g., architectural plans for building a house or creating new antibiotics), but not mistakening these maps for reality itself. All science gives is a constructed model comprised of symbols, for specific goals, but what ends when the symbols shatter?
The only way in which death would cease to be inevitable would be if humans stopped being mortal, but then they would no longer be human because part of being human is to die.
We may be able to cure all diseases one day.
We may be able to prevent ageing one day.
^ What hubris. Every advance humanity makes for its betterment and preservation is challenged by another disease, conflict and threat of mass death. We will never conquer all diseases or ageing.
Why problem make? When you no problem have, you don't want to make ...